Đáp Án Trắc Nghiệm ENW493c – Being a reseacher (in Information Science and Technology) (Mooc 3)

A
Society invests in research because it may generate new knowledge and knowledge is a human aspiration.

B
Society invests in research as a way to reduce unemployment.

C
Research is a luxury. Investments are only justified in periods of economic growth.

D
Research is a burden for taxpayers. Investments in research should only be made if achievement of practically useful results is guaranteed upfront.

E
Investments are made because research can lead to useful innovations and progress of society.

A
The process through which the research lead to the result is novel.

B
The research result was not known before.

C
The research result was very hard to achieve.

D
The research result was unexpected.

E
The research result can lead to a useful product.

A
The research result may lead to an improvement of a certain practical process, which reduces its cost and improves its performance.

B
The research result may be used by other researchers to advance their research.

C
The research that produced the result required a very substantial funding.

D
The research result was unexpected.

E
The research result was not known before.

A
The research result is of theoretical nature.

B
The research result may be used by other researchers to advance their own research.

C
The research result is a new artifact, whose design and validation are clearly and thoroughly described.

D
The research result is properly formalized in mathematical form, and definitions and proofs are described clearly, correctly, and elegantly.

E
The research result solves an open problem that has been studied for many years.

A
A top-down research program only funds research that aims at an empirical evaluation in a practical setting of previously achieved theoretical results.

B
A top-down research program gives researcher maximum freedom in selecting research topics.

C
A bottom-up research program allows researchers to select any possible research topic, and proposals are selected for funding only based on their originality, significance, and rigor.

D
A top-down research program defines precisely the research topics that can be funded and should be addressed by applicants.

E
A bottom-up research program only supports research that is motivated by current, practical needs of industry.

A In deductive inference, the consequences are guaranteed to be true if premises are true.

B Modus ponens is a typical deductive inference rule.

C Inductive inferences always lead to necessary conclusions.

D Deductive inferences can be used to generate predictions from a given theory.

E In deductive inference, the consequences of true premises must be further validated by experiments before they can be accepted as a truth.

A The inference rule a ∧c ⊢ b is an induction and leads to a non-necessary conclusion.

B The inference rule b ∧c ⊢ a is a deduction and leads to a necessary conclusion.

C The inference rule b ∧c ⊢ a is an induction and leads to a non-necessary conclusion.

D The inference rule a ∧ b ⊢ c is a deduction and leads to a necessary conclusion.

E The inference rule a ∧c ⊢ b is an deduction and leads to a necessary conclusion.

A A theory for a given phenomenon is complete if all its predictions are possible manifestations of the phenomenon.

B A complete theory for a given phenomenon can predict impossible manifestations.

C A theory for a given phenomenon is complete if it predicts all the possible manifestations.

D Ideally, a theory should be both sound and complete.

E A theory for a given phenomenon is sound if all its predictions are possible manifestations of the phenomenon.

A The algorithm does not find the occurrence of certain person’s names. This is a false positive.

B The algorithm may both find a name that is not a person’s name and may fail to find the occurrence of certain person’s names. In this case the algorithm is simply an unacceptable approximation.

C The algorithm may find a name that is not a person’s name and may fail to find the occurrence of certain person’s names. In this case the algorithm can generate both false positives and false negatives.

D The algorithm finds a name that is not a person’s name. This is a false negative.

E The algorithm finds a name that is not a person’s name. This is a false positive.

A Precision is less than one for algorithms that compute false positives.

B Precision and recall are equal to one for algorithms computing exact solutions.

C Either precision or recall must be equal to one for an approximate algorithm to be acceptable.

D Recall is less than one for algorithms that produce false negatives.

E If we are given two approximate algorithms for the same problem, they can they differ in precision and recall.

A A case study is a study of a legal action.

B A case study never requires threat analysis.

C A case study may concern the use of a proposed new artifact or method in a given context to validate its usability in a practical setting.

D A case study is never applied in research. It is only used as a didactic aid.

E Threat analysis should be applied to assess internal and external validity of the conclusions drawn from a case study.

A Conference publication has no scientific value. It is only done as a social activity. This is true for all scientific areas.

B The publication process for conferences normally takes longer than for journals, and duration can be unpredictable.

C The publication process for journals normally takes longer than for conferences, and duration can be unpredictable.

D Journals are always more selective and prestigious venues than conferences.

E In certain scientific areas conferences and journals are equally selective and respected publication venues.

A To reach better insights into a submitted paper, it is advisable that peer review is delegated to close colleagues of the authors, especially those who have been previous collaborators.

B The main goal of peer review is to ensure proper balance among different nationalities of contributors of accepted papers.

C The goal of peer review is to ensure that published results meet certain quality standards.

D To avoid bias, peer reviewers should not be experts in the field of the contribution.

E Peer review is a voluntary service activity done to support the research community.

A The typical situation is that the author of a paper knows the identity of peer reviewers and interacts with them throughout the review process, if necessary.

B A “double blind” review process requires exactly two anonymous reviewers for each submitted paper.

C The typical situation is that the identity of reviewers is unknown to the author of a submitted paper.

D In a “double blind” review process not only the identity of the reviewers is undisclosed to the authors, but also the identity of the authors is hidden to the reviewers, to reduce bias.

E A “double blind” review process allows authors to submit two related papers to the same venue and have them reviewed by the same set of anonymous reviewers.

A A DOI allows unique access to digital objects, including papers and datasets.

B Publication has a legal purpose: it ensures 100% correctness of the reported results.

C The only possible form of publication is in printed form.

D Every published book is uniquely identified by its ISBN.

E Most professional societies publish journals and conference proceedings in their respective technical areas.

A Peer review only applies to papers. Artifacts cannot be peer reviewed.

B Making artifacts publicly available requires additional effort by researchers. As a benefit, their research may become more visible and their research impactful.

C Research artifacts can be an essential complement to papers as a form of research diffusion.

D Research artifacts, such as datasets, software tools, or simulations, only serve an ancillary purpose in the preparation of a paper and should be kept private. They have no use for others.

E Repeatability and replicability of research is supported by sharing artifacts.

A The notion of Open Access only applies to research papers and not to artifacts.

B In an Open Access scheme, authors can publish papers without undergoing any form of peer review.

C No implementation of Open Access can charge a fee to a researcher to publish her product.

D Open Access means that a research product is accessible on-line in digital form, free of charge, and free of “most” copyright and licensing restrictions.

E Open Access means that a research product is accessible on-line in digital form, only subject to a minimal access fee.

A A Green Open Access journal allows the author to publish a paper l and then charge for accessing the related artifacts.

B Gold Open Access means that the author publishes his or her work on an Open Access journal, which makes the work immediately, publicly, and freely available to others.

C A Green Open Access journal allows the author to publish a paper and share it with a selected set of people who must register to get access to it.

D Gold Open Access is a special label indicating the most downloaded papers from an online archive.

E A Green Open Access journal allows the author to publish a paper and then self-archive a copy in a freely accessible institutional or specialist online archive (e.g., arXiv), or on the personal website.

A Interest in a job that will make one rich.

B Ability to think out of the box.

C Persistence in achieving results.

D Interest in independent work.

A Presence of strong researchers in the areas in which you would like to work.

B Lively and competitive research environment.

C No checks on progress made by the department.

D Short distance from home.

E Funding available for salary and travel.

A Publish as many papers as possible.

B Find opportunities to get some teaching experience and/or student supervision.

C Publish in top venues.

D Make the software tool you develop as part of your research a visible and impactful artifact, downloaded by a large number of other researchers

E Work in complete isolation, to just focus on your own research.

A Networking is only a distraction from your main activity, which is doing research.

B Networking allows you to establish possible research collaborations.

C Networking is only important when required by the funding agency supporting the research, as in the case of multi-site research programs.

D By networking, you may become known to other, more experienced researchers who may help you in the future (e.g., write reference letters for you).

E You should only network for social events with the other PhD students inside your department.

A Success in competitive research funding programs is an important achievement, which counts in a researcher’s evaluation for hiring or promotion.

B Successful competition in research funding programs can be vital for a researcher’s progress because in most cases their appointment does not include a research funding budget.

C Research funding is highly competitive.

D Research funding is only needed to support acquisition of expensive research equipment.

E Research is a purely intellectual activity. Funding may be needed only to cover a researcher’s salary, if no other institution covers it.

A Presenter of papers in average-quality conferences.

B Very prolific author of papers published in average-quality venues with high acceptance rate.

C Author of a very impactful paper, which describes a solution to an important open problem.

D Successful applicant in a very selective research funding program.

E Advisor of Master students in research projects.

A Comments on the applicant’s personal life (e.g., family, hobbies, …).

B In the case where the expert is an editor of a journal and the candidate acted as a peer reviewer, comments on how accurate and helpful the reviews were.

C Comments on the applicant’s presentation skills based on personal experience (e.g., having heard the candidate present in a conference or in a seminar).

D Comparison of scientific achievements of the candidate with top individuals in the same field with similar seniority.

E A justified opinion about the candidate’s potential to become a research leader in his/her area.

A The applicant can suggest names of potential external reviewers and should select among scientists from other institutions who are not familiar with his work.

B Reference letters should only be asked to scientists who have worked directly with the candidate  in the past.

C Reference letters should never comment on the candidate’s performance as a peer reviewer.

D Reference letter should contain an assessment of the candidate’s proven skills as a supervisor and mentor of younger researchers.

E The applicant can suggest names of potential external reviewers and should select well known and respected scientists who are familiar with his work and who are likely to express a positive opinion.

A A paper which did not receive citations, or only received a few, ten years after publication is likely to have very low significance. This, however, has to be confirmed by further scrutiny.

B The previous statement is true if we exclude self-citations

C The previous statement is true if we also assume that the two papers have been published in the same venue and in the same year.

D The sole number of citations received by a paper does not offer any ground for judgement about its quality.

E The number of citations received by a paper precisely measures impact of the research presented in a paper. If two papers have different numbers of citations, the one with a higher number has more scientific impact than the other.

A H-index is a bibliometric indicator that applies to researchers.

B H-index for a researcher X is defined as the maximum value of h such that X has published h papers that have each been cited at least h times.

C H-index for a researcher X is defined as the average value h of citations received by all published papers by the researcher in the past ten years.

D H-index is an objective and undisputable measure of the scientific quality of researchers and should replace any subjective judgement of experts, especially when they are involved in hiring or promotion processes. If two candidates have different H-index values, the one with higher H-index should always be ranked higher.

E H-index for a researcher X is defined as the median value h of citations received by all published papers by the researcher in the past ten years.

A Bibliometric indicators have no bias: they are objective, undisputable, and cannot be tweaked.

B Ultimately, bibliometric indicators are automatically computed numbers and may be used for automatic ranking. Despite minor pitfalls, they are always preferable to human judgement.

C Bibliometric data are especially valuable for cross-sector comparisons. For example, to decide about allocation of funding among very different sectors (such as Mechanical Engineering or Biology) a reasonable choice might be to assess the average quality of researchers in the different sectors (e.g., averaging H-indexes) and allocate funding accordingly.

D Bibliometric indicators can be used to inform evaluation, but should never be a substitute for personal, detailed, and rigorous judgement by experts.

E A strength of bibliometrics is that all sources of bibliometric data (such as Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus) provide identical values for the same item (e.g., H-index).

A Ethics is the philosophical study of beauty and taste.

B A misconduct is a deviation from ethical principles.

C Ethics is the philosophical study of wrong and right conduct, according to an ideal model.

D Misconducts can differ in severity.

E Ethical principles do not apply to scientific research.

A Fabrication is a research misconduct that refers to artifacts. It means that an artifact has defects and cannot be reused by other researchers.

B Manually tweaking some experimental results to make experiments look better is a case of falsification misconduct.

C A submitted paper that reports fabricated data must be rejected.

D Reporting results of a made-up experiment that has never been done is a case of fabrication misconduct.

E A falsification misconduct may consist of designing experiments that try to falsify a theory.

A You review a paper in an area in which you are active and have already published. The paper under review has no specific relation with your earlier contributions; it just happens to be in the same general area. You strongly object to publication and ask for a major revision, requiring that the authors extensively cite your previous contributions in a “related work” section.

B One of your students helped you in implementing a simulation, whose results will appear in the experimental section of your paper. He is not listed as a co-author, but you decide to explicitly mention her in an acknowledgements section.

C One of your junior colleagues will soon be evaluated for promotion to a tenured position, and needs to strengthen his CV with more publications. To help him, you tell your PhD student who has done very good work to write a paper which includes also your colleague as a co-author, although he has not contributed.

D A visiting researcher in your department gives a seminar on her on-going work and mentions a conjecture. She believes that a mathematical proof exists for it, but has not properly demonstrated it. You come out with a proof and submit a paper without citing her idea.

E To maximize probability of acceptance, you submit the same paper in parallel to two conferences.